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Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler
Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler is an umbrella term for psychiatric (pathographic, psychobiographic) literature that deals with the hypothesis that the German Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) suffered from a mental illness. Both during his lifetime and after his death, Hitler has often been associated with mental disorders such as hysteria, psychopathy, megalomania or paranoid schizophrenia. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts who have diagnosed Hitler with mental disturbance include well-known figures such as Walter C. Langer and Erich Fromm. Other researchers, such as Fritz Redlich, have concluded that Hitler probably did not suffer from these disorders.
== Difficulty of psychopathography in general and of Hitler’s psychopathography in particular ==
Corresponding to the considerable interest that Hitler still provokes in the general audience, Hitler-psychopathographies are strongly geared towards the media. In psychiatry however, pathography has a bad reputation, especially diagnostics that have been carried out ''ex post'', without the direct examination of the patient.〔Hilken, Susanne. ''Wege und Probleme der Psychiatrischen Pathographie'', Karin Fischer: Aachen, 1993〕 The German psychiatrist Hans Bürger-Prinz (University of Hamburg) went so far to state that any remote diagnostics constitute a ''“fatal abuse of psychiatry”''.〔Bürger-Prinz, Hans. ''Ein Psychiater berichtet'', Hoffmann & Campe, 1971. ISBN 3-455-00740-6〕 The immense range of mental disorders that Hitler has been credited with over time, gives a good idea how error-prone this method is (see table).〔Wippermann, Wolfgang. ''Faschismus und Psychoanalyse. Forschungsstand und Forschungsperspektiven''. In: Bedrich Loewenstein (Editor). ''Geschichte und Psychologie. Annäherungsversuche'', Pfaffenweiler, 1992. P. 266; Dörr, Nikolas. (Zeitgeschichte, Psychologie und Psychoanalyse )〕 Another indicator for the quality issues of many of the subsequently mentioned Hitler-pathographies is an either completely missing or grossly abbreviated discussion of the abundance of publications that have already been submitted on this subject by other authors.
In the case of Hitler, psychopathography poses particular problems. First, authors who write about Hitler's most personal matters have to deal with the threat that a possibly voyeuristic readership uncritically accepts even the most sparsely proven speculations – such as for example happened in the case of Lothar Machtan’s book ''The Hidden Hitler'' (2001).〔Machtan, Lothar. ''Hitlers Geheimnis: Das Doppelleben eines Diktators'', Fest: Berlin, 2001. ISBN 3828601456; (Lothar Machtan: Hitlers Geheimnis ) perlentaucher.de〕 Even more grave, secondly, is the warning put forward by some authors that pathologizing Hitler would inevitably mean to discharge him of at least some of his responsibility.〔Armbruster, Jan: ''(Die Behandlung Adolf Hitlers im Lazarett Pasewalk 1918: Historische Mythenbildung durch einseitige bzw. spekulative Pathographie ) ''. In: ''Journal für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie'', Volume 10 (4), 2009, P. 18–22.〕 Others have feared that by pathologizing or demonizing Hitler on the contrary all the blame could easily be relocated on the mad dictator, while the misguided "masses" and the power elites who had been working with him would be relieved.〔(''Als ein Volk ohne Schatten!'' ) In: ''Die Zeit'', No. 48, November 21, 1986〕 Famed is Hannah Arendt’s word of the "banality of evil"; in 1963, she ruled that for a Nazi perpetrator as Adolf Eichmann, mental normality and the ability to mass murder were not mutually exclusive.〔Arendt, Hannah. ''Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen'', Piper: München, Zürich, 15th edition, 2006. ISBN 978-3-492-24822-8; to similar conclusions came Harald Welzer in his book ''Täter. Wie aus ganz normalen Menschen Massenmörder werden'', Fischer: Frankfurt, 2005. ISBN 3-10-089431-6; other authors however, as Rolf Pohl and Joachim Perels, are convinced that mass murderers cannot possibly be mentally normal.〕 Some authors were fundamentally opposed to any attempt to ''explain'' Hitler, for example by psychological means.〔The Jewish theologian and Holocaust survivor Emil Fackenheim, among others, believed that a radical evil such as the evil in Hitler, could not be explained by humans, but only by God, and God kept silent; Emil Fackenheim, Yehuda Bauer: ''The Temptation to Blame God''. In: Rosenbaum, Ron. ''Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil''. Harper Perennial: New York, 1999. ISBN 0-06-095339-X〕 The furthest went Claude Lanzman, who described such attempts as "obscene"; after the completion of his film ''Shoah'' (1985) he felt them as bordering Holocaust denial and attacked them sharply. He especially criticized the historian Rudolph Binion.〔''Claude Lanzmann and the War Against the Question Why''. In: Rosenbaum (1999), P. 251–266; Lanzmann, Claude. ''Hier ist kein Warum''. In: Stuart Liebman (Editor). ''Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah: Key Essays'', Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-19-518864-0; Lanzmann, Claude; Caruth, Cathy; Rodowick, David. ''The Obscenity of Understanding. An Evening with Claude Lanzmann''. In: ''American Imago'', 48, 1991, P. 473–495〕
As the psychiatrist Jan Ehrenwald has pointed out, the question often has been neglected as how a possibly mentally ill Hitler could have been able to win those millions of enthusiastic followers that supported his policy until 1945.〔Jan Ehrenwald. ''The ESP Experience: A Psychiatric Validation''. Basic Books, 1978. ISBN 0-465-02056-9, Section ''Hitler: Shaman, Schizophrenic, Medium?''〕 Daniel Goldhagen argued in 1996 that Hitler's political ascent was not so much made possible by his psychopathology, but rather by the precarious social conditions that existed at that time in Germany.〔Goldhagen, Daniel. ''Hitler's Willing Executioners''. Alfred Knopf: New York, 1996; Hans-Ulrich Wehler shared the same view: ''Geschichte als historische Sozialwissenschaft''. Frankfurt am Main, 1973, P. 103.〕 Some authors have on the contrary noted that cases of people like Charles Manson or Jim Jones have been described who suffered from illness as crippling as schizophrenia, but nonetheless found a crowd of followers on whom they succeeded to have a tremendous influence.〔Coolidge, Frederic L.; Davis, Felicia L.; Segal, Daniel L.. ''(Understanding Madmen: A SSM-IV Assessment of Adolf Hitler ) ''. In: ''Individual Differences Research'' 5, 2007, P. 30–43.〕 Early on, the view was expressed, too, that Hitler was able to handle his psychopathology quite skillfully, even aware how he could use his symptoms to effectively steer the emotions of his audience.〔For example: Murray, Henry A. ''(Analysis of the personality of Adolf Hitler. With predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after Germany’s surrender )'', 1943. Online:(„Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler“ )〕 Still other authors have suggested that Hitler's followers themselves were mentally disturbed;〔For example Langer: (Walter Langer is dead at 82; wrote secret study of Hitler ) New York Times; (A Psychological Profile of Adolf Hitler. His Life and Legend ) (Online); Eckhardt, William. ''The Values of Fascism''. In: ''Journal of Social Issues'', Volume 24, 1968, P. 89–104; Muslin, Hyman. ''Adolf Hitler. The Evil Self''. In: ''Psychohistory Review'', 20, 1992, P. 251–270; Berke, Joseph. ''The Wellsprings of Fascism: Individual Malice, Group Hatreds and the Emergence of National Narcissism'', Free Associations, Vol. 6, Part 3 (Number 39), 1996; Lothane, Zvi. ''Omnipotence, or the delusional aspect of ideology, in relation to love, power, and group dynamics''. In: ''American Journal of Psychoanalysis'', 1997, Volume 57 (1), P. 25–46〕 evidence for this claim however was not produced.〔Psychological evaluations of Nazi leaders didn’t show any signs of mental disturbances (Zillmer, Eric A.; Harrower, Molly; Ritzler, Barry A.; Archer, Robert P. ''The Quest for the Nazi Personality. A Psychological Investigation of Nazi War criminals''. Routledge, 1995. ISBN 0-8058-1898-7)〕 The question how Hitler's individual psychopathology might have been ''linked'' with the enthusiasm of his followers was first discussed in 2000 by the interdisciplinary team of authors Matussek/Matussek/Marbach.〔
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